Evaluation Of New Technologies Research Articles

Safety in Health Care: The Impact of Operating Room Design.

The science of operating room design has grown over the past 20years due to the realization that the physical environment influences health care provider performance and patient outcomes. Medical errors occur when the normal workflow in an operating room is disrupted as providers must overcome sub-optimal conditions. All aspects of the physical environment can impact operating room flow. Studying the layout, contents, ergonomics, and environmental parameters of the operating can lead improved work conditions resulting improved patient and provider safety. At the forefront of operating room design science is the use of simulation and the evaluation of new technologies.

ECRIMO, an app to train first graders' spelling: Effectiveness and comparison between different designs

The present study assessed the effectiveness of the ECRIMO educational application designed to build first‐grade level spelling skills. We tested whether using the app to teach spelling would be as effective as providing the same training using traditional paper exercises. The effect of integrating gamification into mobile learning apps, which has been little studied in the context of young children, is also investigated. A pretest/training/posttest design was implemented with 311 first‐graders divided in four groups: no training, paper training, the ECRIMO app with gamification features, and the ECRIMO app without gamification. Spelling, reading and phonological awareness abilities was measured at both pretest and posttest. The training was conducted over a 7‐week period (4.40 hours in total). The experimental design allowed us to answer three questions: (1) Is spelling training effective regardless of the medium used? (2) Is training through the app as efficient as paper‐based training? (3) Does gamification impact students' learning performance? Mixed‐model analyses revealed (1) a positive effect on the training outcome depended on the initial spelling ability of participants, (2) a comparable efficiency between autonomous training using the ECRIMO app on tablets and the same training provided by teachers using paper exercises and (3) a marginally positive effect of gamification that is greater for the weakest students. The present study proposes an original and pertinent experimental design to test the relevance of educational applications. The design features of learning apps can impact students' learning differently depending on their initial level. A critical step should be verifying that using online apps for training is at least as effective as the same training using paper exercises. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic A significant number of children experience difficulties in reading and spelling from the first years of learning. The use of new technologies to support classroom teaching is rapidly developing as a topic of interest for educational professionals and researchers. Evaluations of new technologies developed to enhance literacy skills suggest that many factors can vary their effectiveness. The effectiveness of a digital educational application can be enhanced or undermined by design choices, such as gamification. What this paper adds Spelling training with the app ECRIMO seems effective for first year students, especially those with the lowest and middle level. Comparable effects of both the tablet‐based and paper equivalent training on participants' spelling were found. The use of gamification in ECRIMO could be more suitable for the weakest students. Implications for practice and/or policy Educational technologies should be evidence‐based and should be evaluated with both a passive and an active control group. The design should be carefully considered and tested, as it may be advantageous for some students and disadvantageous for others. The use of digital technology in education can be beneficial for classroom practice, when the activity can be carried out in total autonomy, leaving the teacher available for a group of pupils with specific needs.

Decision support for selection of new materials considering socio-economic and broader environmental aspects

A growing awareness of the inclusion of aspects that go beyond direct environmental and health risks has characterized the evaluation of new technologies in recent years. Broader environmental and socio-economic aspects are now seen as relevant factors for the sustainable success of corresponding products. As a contribution to the realization of this mindful perspective, in a collaborative project on risk governance in nanotechnology (EU Horizon 2020 project NANORIGO), a set of criteria to support decision-making in the selection of materials at early developmental stages has been developed and integrated into a stochastic multicriteria acceptance analysis. The main categories of criteria and an optional set of corresponding weights were selected based on surveys of project partners and stakeholders. The criteria cover both broader environmental and socioeconomic aspects and are differentiated by the life cycle stages of nanomaterials and potential alternative materials. We identified and weighted 24 distinctive criteria for broader environmental aspects and 32 distinctive criteria for socio-economic aspects, with the help of a total of 62 survey participants. In order to address the level of knowledge of both laypersons and experts, the input questionnaire is divided into a tiered structure. Instead of a fully quantitative approach based on native units, semiquantitative scales are used to assess the input information. This structure aims to avoid the knowledge requirements and resources needed for a full life cycle analysis in terms of environmental or socio-economic impacts. To demonstrate its applicability for decision support, we applied the method to two case studies. Partners of the project tested our survey on cases like carbon nanofibers in car parts and nanomaterials in tire rubbers. The used method makes it possible to deal with uncertainty and ignorance in the early stages of development and still compute a comparison of the given alternatives. In this way, it can be combined with existing tools for risk assessment of (nano)materials to achieve a comprehensive prospective characterization of potential material options at an early stage of the innovation process.

Patient Preferences Regarding Surgical Treatment Methods for Symptomatic Uterine Fibroids

Study ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to rank the factors that are most and least important to patients with symptomatic uterine fibroids when considering surgical treatment options.Materials and MethodsUsing a best worst scaling (BWS) preference elicitation approach, participants completed an online survey to rank factors associated with fibroid surgical treatments. Survey content was based on a literature review and included the following factors: symptom relief; surgical complications; repeat treatment; recovery time; cosmetic effects; risk of spreading undiagnosed cancer; sexual outcomes; maintenance of child-bearing; continuation of menses; unpredictable menses; and location of procedure. Participants completed 11 BWS tasks. For each task, we presented participants with a subset of 5 factors from the possible 11, and participants chose the most important and least important factor. Participants’ responses were analyzed using conditional logistic regression to determine the relative importance of factors. Patient priorities were further explored via age and race.Results285 respondents with symptomatic uterine fibroids (69 physician-confirmed and 216 self-reported) who had not undergone prior surgical treatment completed the survey. Respondents were enrolled from two clinical sites (clinical site cohort) and an online consumer panel (panel cohort). Both cohorts identified symptom relief, cancer risk, repeat treatment and complications as the most important factors in selecting surgical treatment options and location of procedure, return to normal activities after surgery, and cosmetic effects like presence of a scar after the surgical treatment as the least important factors. Of note, younger women (≤ 40) placed greater importance on the ability to have children after the procedure.ConclusionInformation regarding the factors most and least important to patients with symptomatic uterine fibroids might inform development and regulatory evaluation of new technologies and procedures. Study results may be useful in efforts to develop a set of outcomes to include in future fibroids clinical studies.

Generic surgical process model for minimally invasive liver treatment methods

Surgical process modelling is an innovative approach that aims to simplify the challenges involved in improving surgeries through quantitative analysis of a well-established model of surgical activities. In this paper, surgical process model strategies are applied for the analysis of different Minimally Invasive Liver Treatments (MILTs), including ablation and surgical resection of the liver lesions. Moreover, a generic surgical process model for these differences in MILTs is introduced. The generic surgical process model was established at three different granularity levels. The generic process model, encompassing thirteen phases, was verified against videos of MILT procedures and interviews with surgeons. The established model covers all the surgical and interventional activities and the connections between them and provides a foundation for extensive quantitative analysis and simulations of MILT procedures for improving computer-assisted surgery systems, surgeon training and evaluation, surgeon guidance and planning systems and evaluation of new technologies.

216.17: Multiplex Digital PCR for the Detection of Donor-derived Cell-free DNA

Introduction: Graft damage and failure are major problems after solid-organ transplantation. Biomarkers for monitoring transplanted patients provide new opportunities to substantially improve patient management, graft lifespan, and patient survival. There is strong evidence that donor-derived cell-free DNA (DD-cfDNA) increases when transplanted organs are damaged. The majority of this information is derived from tests using next-generation sequencing. Here we present an evaluation of new technology, multiplex digital PCR (mdPCR), which has the potential to revolutionize DD-cfDNA testing. Method: This mdPCR method takes advantage of Luminex’s DigiMAP multiplex PCR chemistry and the QuantStudio Absolute Q Digital PCR platform (Thermo Fisher Scientific, previously Combinati). The bench work for mdPCR is completed in less than five hours. Data is analyzed using a custom R package. Assay performance characteristics were determined using artificial mixtures of genomic DNA, and inter-laboratory reproducibility was assessed. Blood was collected from kidney and heart transplant recipients, cf-DNA was isolated using a variety of methods, and mdPCR was used to quantify DD-cfDNA levels. Results: This methodology distinguished donor and recipient DNA and provided absolute quantification of the number of DNA copies. The following performance characteristics were determined: sensitivity, the limit of detection, and linear range, inter- and intra- assay consistency. Several factors affected performance including: DNA characteristics, probe design, primer design, and PCR reaction components. Results showed that high levels of DD-cfDNA are consistent with clinical observations and that rapid testing is feasible (< five hours). Conclusion: The mdPCR approach has high promise to revolutionize diagnostic testing in cancer, infectious disease, and transplant monitoring. Our study demonstrates the advantages of this technology for the detection of DD-cfDNA which includes absolute quantitation, sensitivity, ease of use, short turn-around-time, and a relatively low cost when compared to next-generation sequencing techniques. A test with these features could transform the management of transplant recipients and lead to prolonged graft and patient survival.

EE112 A Population-Level Macroeconomic Model of the Potential Societal Impact of Using Tissue VS. Mechanical Surgical Aortic Valves in Mainland China

Economic evaluations of new technologies often assess the cost-effectiveness for a typical patient or budget impact for payers. This analysis projects potential costs, health gains, and productivity gains at a national population-level based on more patients receive a surgical tissue valve vs. mechanical valve replacement.

HTA47 Recommendations on Best Practices for Rwd Study Design to Support HTA Decision Process in Europe

Health technology assessment (HTA) increasingly leverages real-world data (RWD) to support the evaluation of new technologies. This study assesses how RWD is used for decision-making by different HTA bodies.

TECIPOT: Study for the Evaluation of New Technologies and Process Engineering Applied to the Optimization of Hospital Transfers.

There is a need for coordinating and manage the information flow between clinical, nursing, ancillary, cleaning and administrative staff to optimize patient transfers during admission and discharge. TECIPOT project proposes the incorporation of new technologies associated with the optimization of emergency circuits to improve the efficiency in the management of patients in the center, as well as improve the perception of patients and professionals about the processes of transfers of emergency patients, observation and discharge from the Hospital. The project proposes a 24 month study to evaluate the impact on healthcare processes.

Rigorous performance evaluation (previously, “validation”) for informed use of new technologies for sleep health measurement

New sleep technologies have become pervasive in the consumer space, and are becoming highly common in research and clinical sleep settings. The rapid, widespread use of largely unregulated and unstandardized technology has enabled the quantification of many different facets of sleep health, driving scientific discovery. As sleep scientists, it is our responsibility to inform principles and practices for proper evaluation of any new technology used in the clinical and research settings, and by consumers. A current lack of standardized methods for evaluating technology performance challenges the rigor of our scientific methods for accurate representation of the sleep health facets of interest. This special article describes the rationale and priorities of an interdisciplinary effort for rigorous, standardized, and rapid performance evaluation (previously, “validation”) of new sleep and sleep disorders related technologies of all kinds (eg, devices or algorithms), including an associated article template for a new initiative for publication in Sleep Health of empirical studies systematically evaluating the performance of new sleep technologies. A structured article type should streamline manuscript development and enable more rapid writing, review, and publication. The goal is to promote rapid and rigorous evaluation and dissemination of new sleep technology, to enhance sleep research integrity, and to standardize terminology used in Rigorous Performance Evaluation papers to prevent misinterpretation while facilitating comparisons across technologies.

RESULTS OF PLACEBO-CONTROLLED EVALUATION OF EFFICACY MILDRONAT PREPARATION BY FUNCTIONAL READINESS PARAMETERS

In 2015 a study to evaluate the effectiveness of the drug "Mildronate" was carried out in the Federal State Budgetary Institution at the A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical and Biological Center of the Russian Federal Medical and Biological Agency. The study involved 20 representatives of skiing sports (biathlon, cross-country skiing, cross-country skiing) (10 men, 10 women), mean age 20.1 ± 0.6 years. The level of sportsmanship was not lower than the first adult grade. Five men and five women took placebo, and five men and five women received Mildronate. Allocation into groups was carried out according to the maximum time of the exercise test in the ergospirometric study (ski-treadmill traverse). The study was built from the position of activity approach, reflecting the basic characteristics of the athlete's activity: physical and psychological readiness to achieve the best result (imitation of competitive activity). Specific load testing on skis and objective diagnostics of the psycho-emotional state was carried out. Comparative assessment of the indicators was carried out on the 7th and 15th days of the study in relation to the background. According to the subjective evaluation of the drug's effect, the greatest number of positive changes in the state were noted by participants who took placebo. For 7 out of 10 people positive dynamics in the subjective state was observed (mood, sleep and general well-being improved, physical performance increased, training results increased). The placebo effect of taking the drug on the psychophysiological state of the persons professionally engaged in sports was detected. This can be explained by the formation of a stable notion that the level of professional skill depends on the use of pharmacological agents. Received materials indicate a pronounced psychotherapeutic effect of "Mildronat" on the functional and adaptive reserves of healthy athletes, ensuring the preservation of high-performance capacity. Expert evaluation of new technologies of sports medicine and drugs, affecting physical performance should necessarily include determination of functional readiness dynamics, including placebo-controlled comparative studies and objective diagnostics of psycho-emotional state.

Gas exchange and leaf area of banana plants under salt stress inoculated with growth-promoting bacteria

ABSTRACT Banana orchards in arid and semiarid regions require the use of irrigation. However, the presence of high concentration of salts in water can impair the development of plants, requiring the evaluation of new technologies to mitigate the effects of stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate gas exchange and leaf area in banana seedlings of the cultivar Prata Catarina inoculated with strains of Bacillus spp. under different electrical conductivities of irrigation water. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at Embrapa Tropical Agroindustry, Fortaleza, Ceará state, Brazil. The design used was in randomized blocks, in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme, with the first factor being the inoculation treatments: without any application; slow-release fertilizer; Strain 186 and Strain 109, and the second factor being the electrical conductivity of irrigation water (0.5; 1.5; 3.0; 4.5 dS m-1), in five blocks and each plot consisting of three plants. The electrical conductivity of irrigation water negatively influenced the gas exchange of banana cv. Prata Catarina in the vegetative stage, during the 89 days of cultivation. The Bacillus spp. strains 186 and 109 did not improve the gas exchange and leaf area of plants under salinity conditions.

Patient Preferences Regarding Surgical Treatment Methods for Symptomatic Uterine Fibroids

<h3>Study Objective</h3> The purpose of this study is to rank the benefit-risk factors that are most/least important to patients with symptomatic uterine fibroids. <h3>Design</h3> Using a best worst scaling (BWS) preference elicitation approach, eligible, consenting participants completed an online survey to rank factors associated with fibroid treatments. Survey content was based on a literature review and included the following factors: symptom relief; surgical complications; repeat treatment; recovery time; cosmetic effects; risk of cancer; sexual outcomes; maintenance of child-bearing continuation of menses; unpredictable menses; and location of procedure. Participants completed 11 BWS tasks. For each task, we presented participants with a subset of 5 factors from the possible 11, and participants chose the most important and least important factor. <h3>Setting</h3> N/A. <h3>Patients or Participants</h3> 285 women with symptomatic uterine fibroids (69 physician-confirmed and 216 self-reported) who had not undergone prior surgical treatment completed the survey. Participants were enrolled from two clinical sites and an online consumer panel. <h3>Interventions</h3> N/A. <h3>Measurements and Main Results</h3> Each cohort's responses were analyzed using conditional logistic regression to determine the relative importance of factors. Both cohorts identified symptom relief, cancer risk, repeat treatment and complications as the most important factors in selecting treatment options and cosmetic effects like presence of a scar after the treatment, location of treatment, and return to normal activities after surgery, as the least important factors. Of note, younger women (≤ 40) placed greater importance on the ability to have children after the procedure. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Information regarding the factors most and least important to patients with symptomatic uterine fibroids might inform shared-decision making efforts between women and their providers, as well as provide insights to guide development and evaluation of new technologies and procedures.

Validation of a vascular access specific quality of life measure (VASQoL).

A self-administered 11 item vascular access specific quality of life measure (VASQoL) was previously derived from detailed qualitative interviews with adult patients with kidney failure who have experienced vascular access using the Capabilities Approach as a theoretical base. This study reports the psychometric validation of the VASQoL measure including its reliability, content validity and responsiveness to change. Cognitive interviews were conducted with 23 adult patients with kidney failure after completion of the VASQoL measure. Focus group discussion with a vascular access professional multidisciplinary team was undertaken (n = 8) and subsequently a further 101 adult kidney failure patients with vascular access (TCVC, AVF or AVG) completed the digital VASQoL measure, EQ-5D and SF-36 questionnaires in a longitudinal study with prospectively recorded vascular access events. Transcript analysis of cognitive interviews after VASQoL completion indicated that the content was comprehensive and well understood by participants. Assessment of Internal reliability for the VASQoL measure was high (Cronbach's alpha 0.858). Test-retest reliability of the overall VASQoL measure was high (intra class correlation coefficient 0.916). In those patients who experienced a vascular access event, significant differences were observed in paired analysis of the VASQoL physical domain questions and vascular access function domain questions and in the EQ-5D usual activities, pain and anxiety domains. In those with no vascular access event, variation was observed in longitudinal analysis in VASQoL questions relating to worry about VA function and capability domains, whilst no variation was observed in the EQ5D measure. The VASQoL measure has good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity and responsiveness to change for clinically relevant vascular access outcomes. This provides a validated, vascular access specific quality of life measure that can be used in future trials of vascular access, evaluation of new technologies and routine use as a patient reported outcome measure (PROM).

Současné směry oblasti v zajištění fyzické bezpečnosti objektů a areálů státní správy

The paper deals with current trends in securing objects and premises of state administration. Authors deal with possibilities of signaling evaluation from various types of security and detection systems. They deal very briefl y with the benefi ts of additional security systems in the evaluation of new technologies within the framework of uniform security systems. The second part is devoted to the key input systems. The pros and cons are described here, including notifi cations of one of the latest key entry systems, especially with regard to its contribution to the physical security of buildings and sites.

Beyond EDC

INTRODUCTION: The last two decades have seen Electronic Data Capture (EDC) scale the adoption curve in the therapeutic development industry. The history of EDC adoption can inform development and implementation of similar, future advances. OBJECTIVE: This synthesis documents the progression to EDC in clinical research towards improving the development, implementation, and use of emerging and similar technology in multicenter clinical studies. METHODS: The 158 full-text sources identified in the Good Clinical Data Management Practices (GCDMP)systematic literature search were used as the basis for this scoping review.&nbsp; A single reader evaluated this literature to determine rationale for and barriers to EDC implementation as well as remaining gaps in the use and optimization of EDC technology in clinical research. Quantitative evaluations of EDC technology were identified and summarized. Two reviewers examined the findings to identify omitted seminal work and alternate perspectives. RESULTS: Metrics and outcomes used in EDC evaluation are detailed. Three major gaps between current EDC implementation and fully realized electronically supported clinical trials. Similarities and differences between EDC and new clinical study technology highlighted to improve methods in implementation and evaluation of new technology in clinical studies.&nbsp;&nbsp; CONCLUSIONS: Foreseeable implementation challenges delayed but did not necessarily extend the EDC adoption curve relative to contemporaneous innovation. Multiple adjunct new technologies have potential to surpass the current EDC performance plateau. Of these, direct EHR-to-eCRF data collection parallels EDC in terms of workflow disruption and technology interaction at clinical sites. Thus, similar adoption challenges are expected. Based on our observations, if developing standards are successful, they will make data more quickly and computationally accessible to significantly broaden opportunities for therapeutic development beyond those available in today’s EDC.

Operational Failure Detection Applied to Heat Exchange Systems Using State Observer Method

The role of computational modeling is becoming predominant in the exploration and evaluation of new technologies. Numerical simulations have solved the most complex phenomena immersed in thermal sciences by the implementation of sophisticated mathematical algorithms. This study incorporates a stationary thermodynamic model in order to evaluate the main operational parameters and the overall performance of heat exchange systems based on energy and exergy viewpoints while implementing unknown inputs. Moreover, the study introduces a UIO state observer technology in order to facilitate the early prediction of failure events in heat exchange systems using a detect, isolate and identify (FDI) methodology. Therefore, the proposed model has induced different fault conditions in order to examine the overall performance while integrating error state of signals criteria from the relative difference between the real and modeled estimates. The outcomes have demonstrated a good agreement for the estimated values of the mathematical algorithm considering the imminent presence of disturbance and interference that promotes modeling error. Finally, the results have outlined that the estimations of real operation conditions are not affected by the unknown inputs.

Enabling Technology Maturation in Carbon Capture: The Role of a University Based Power Plant as a Test Facility

The Abbott Power Plant at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) provides a unique facility for testing carbon capture, utilization, and energy storage technologies. This combined heat and power (CHP) facility supplies power and electricity for the needs of the UIUC campus. Despite being an operational plant, Abbott Power Plant is actively engaged in a variety of projects. These projects range in technology readiness level (TRL) and demonstrate the ability of the plant to couple field research with operational excellence. While the plant is a fossil asset (e.g., coal and natural gas boilers), it is connected through the campus grid to renewables. This connectivity provides the ability to evaluate how new technologies (e.g., capture, utilization, and energy storage) respond to variations in the grid due to the increased penetration of variable renewables. Because the plant is located on the UIUC campus, it is also engaged in educational activities at both the undergraduate and graduate level. The ability of the plant to couple operational excellence with research and development (R&D) and education makes it an important asset for the evaluation of new technologies.

Hospital-based health technology assessment in Brazil: current experiences and challenges

Abstract In Brazil, there is no consensus on the concept of hospital-based health technology assessment (HB-HTA). There is great variability in the existing models and difficulty in evaluating their results—whether in respect of clinical decisions, quality of care, and hospital policy and management or in respect of optimizing the use of resources. This study aims to discuss the experiences of HB-HTA, its integration into the regulatory system for the adoption of new technologies into the Brazilian public (SUS) (Unified Health System), and its main challenges. During a workshop, a panel of specialists in HTA and/or HB-HTA was formed, representative of four different perspectives: (i) Health services and health technology assessment units, (ii) Academia, (iii) Secretary of State for Health, and (iv) the Federal SUS sector. This was followed by discussion, a preliminary consensus, contributions from the audience, a plenary session, and a final consensus. HB-HTA is not institutionalized, nor is it part of the regulation system for the adoption of new technologies in the SUS. The main challenges are the difficulties in creating qualified teams, financial support, and sustainability. The work of these bodies in respect of the evaluation of new technologies deserves further studies analyzing the relationship between the pressure for adoption from the hospital team and industry professionals and legal rulings. It is necessary to strengthen HB-HTA culture and implement this policy in hospital management, making assessment bodies a part of managerial and decision-making processes in hospitals, and develop regional collaborative networks and a national network of HTA.

Yeniliklerin Yayılması Teorisi Kapsamında İleri Tıbbi Teknolojik Cihazların Hekimler Tarafından Değerlendirilmesi: Bir Araştırma

Amaç: Mal ve hizmet piyasalarında yer alan işletmeler, dijital yeniliklere (inovasyonlara) yoğun biçimde uyum sağlamaya çalışmaktadır. Dijital inovasyonlar konusunda uyum sağlamaya çalışan en önemli sektörlerden birisi de sağlıktır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmanın amacı, sağlık sektöründe sağlık hizmeti sunucuları olan hekimlerin dijital inovasyonlara bakış açılarını ortaya koymaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu amaç doğrultusunda sağlık hizmeti sunan hekimlerin dijital ya da ileri tıbbi teknolojik cihazlarla ilgili görüşleri, yeniliklerin yayılması teorisi kapsamında belirlenmeye çalışılmış ve bir eğitim araştırma hastanesinde çalışan 110 hekime anket uygulaması yapılmıştır. Araştırma için Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Etik Komisyonundan etik kurul onayı alınmıştır. Bununla birlikte araştırmanın yapıldığı eğitim ve araştırma hastanesinden başhekimlik tarafından hekimlere uygulanan anket için gerekli izin de alınmıştır. Çalışmada, yeniliklerin yayılması teorisi baz alınarak ileri tıbbi teknolojik cihazlara uyum süreçleri; göreceli fayda, uyumluluk, sadelik, denenebilirlik ve gözlemlenebilirlik parametreleri dikkate alınarak gerekli analizler yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Anket uygulaması sonucunda, hekimlerin algıladıkları risk düzeyinin, demografik değişkenler bazında farklılık gösterip göstermediğine bakılmış ve farklılığın hastanede ve bölümde çalıştıkları yıl düzeyinde olduğu görülmüştür. Yıl bazında teknolojik cihazların kullanımı ve algılanan risk düzeyi arasında da anlamlı bir farklılığın olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca yenilik içeren tıbbi teknolojilerin getirdiği riskler ile yeniliklerin yayılması teorisindeki boyutlar arasındaki ilişki de analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç: Araştırmada elde edilen bulgular, hekimlerin yeniliğe açık olduğunu, yenilik içeren tıbbi teknolojilerin getirdiği riskleri değerlendirdiklerini ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, ileri tıbbi teknolojilerin hekimlerin mesleki gelişimlerine katkı sağladığı belirlenmiştir. İleri tıbbi teknolojik cihazların kullanımının hastanedeki verimliliği artırması ve yenilik içeren tıbbi teknolojilerin getirdiği riskler ile yeniliklerin yayılması teorisindeki boyutlar arasında zayıf bir ilişkinin olması da çalışmada elde edilen diğer sonuçlardır.